't kofschip

The 't kofschip rule (also called 't fokschaap) is a mnemonic that determines the endings of a regular Dutch verb in the past simple indicative/subjunctive and the ending of the past participle. This rule should not be confused with the so-called T-rules (t-regels).

Rule

The rule goes as follows:

If the verb-root ends in one of the consonants of 't kofschip, being t, f, k, s, ch, and p (or variants^[1]), the past simple ends in -te and the past participle in -t. If the verb-root ends in any other consonant or a vowel (except silent e, see later), the past simple ends in -de and the past participle in -d.

For example:

Silent letters at end of root

The rule is expressed in spelling of the verbs, but is actually related to pronunciation. So if the spelled root ends in a silent letter, this letter should be ignored in applying the rule. This includes also the ' (apostrophe) occurring in some verb spellings.

For example:

Note

1. ^ x ([ks]) and sj ([ʃ]) can be regarded as s-like sounds; q(u) = [k]

References

• NT2Examen

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