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- 閉前圓唇元音
| Front | Near- front | Central | Near- back | Back | |
| Close | |||||
| Near-close | |||||
| Close-mid | |||||
| Mid | |||||
| Open-mid | |||||
| Near-open | |||||
| Open | |||||
a rounded vowel. Vowel length is indicated by appending ː
| IPA – number | 309 |
| IPA – text | y |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | y |
| X-SAMPA | y |
| Kirshenbaum | y |
 Sound sample (help·info) |
|
The close front rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is y, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is y. In various languages, it is written as ‹ü›, ‹uu›, ‹u›, ‹ű›, ‹y›, ‹уь›, or ‹위›.
In most languages, this rounded vowel is pronounced with compressed lips ('exolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are protruded ('endolabial').
Contents |
Close front compressed vowel
Features
- Its vowel height is close, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips approach one another, so that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence
Note: Since front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | dy | [dy] | 'two' | ||
| Azeri | güllə | [ɟylˈlæ] | 'bullet' | ||
| Chinese | Cantonese | 書/syu1 | [syː˥] | 'book' | See Standard Cantonese |
| Mandarin | 绿/lǜ | [ly˥˩] | 'green' | See Standard Mandarin | |
| Chechen | уьш/üş | [yʃ] | 'they' | ||
| Danish | yde | [ˈyːðə] | 'to supply' | See Danish phonology | |
| Dutch[1] | fuut | [fyˑt] | 'grebe' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Scottish | food | [fyd] | 'food' | Some dialects. Corresponds to /u/ (or [ʉ]) in other dialects. See English phonology |
| Estonian | üks | [yks] | 'one' | ||
| Finnish[2] | yksi | [ˈyksi] | 'one' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French[3] | chute | [ʃyt] | 'fall' | See French phonology | |
| German | Blüte | [ˈblyːtə] | 'blossom' | See German phonology | |
| Hungarian[4] | tű | [tyː] | 'pin' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Korean | 위 wi | [y] | 'top' | May be diphthongized to [wi] by younger speakers | |
| Lombard | dü | [dy] | 'two' | ||
| Mongolian[5] | ? | [tʰyːmɘɾɘ̆] | 'prairie fire' | ||
| Occitan | Gascon | lua | [ˈlyo] | 'moon' | |
| Languedocien | luna | [ˈlyno] | |||
| Provençal | |||||
| Swedish | lyte | [lyːtə] | 'defect' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Turkish | güneş | [ɟyˈneʃ] | 'sun' | See Turkish phonology | |
Close front protruded vowel
Catford notes that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few languages, such as Scandinavian, have compressed front vowels. One of these, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels. (See Near-close near-front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding.)
As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, old diacritic for labialization, [ ̫], will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. (Another possible transcription is [yʷ] or [iʷ] (a close front vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.)
Features
- Its vowel height is near-close, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel.
- Its vowel backness is near-front, which means the tongue is positioned almost as far forward as a front vowel.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips and drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norwegian | syd | [sy̫ːd] | 'south' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Swedish | yla | [y̫ː(ɥ)la] (help·info) |
'howl' | See Swedish phonology | |
See also
References
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60, 66)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Szende (1994:92)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66-67)
Bibliography
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 59–71
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA:Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet 24 (2): 91–94
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