Grammatical modifier

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In grammar, a modifier (or qualifier) is an optional element in phrase structure or clause structure^[1]; the removal of the modifier typically doesn't affect the grammaticality of the construction. Modifiers can be a word, a phrase or an entire clause. Semantically, modifiers describe and provide more accurate definitional meaning for another element.

In English, adverbs and adjectives prototypically function as modifiers, but they also have other functions. Moreover, other constituents can function as modifiers as the following examples show (the modifiers are in bold):

[Put it gently in the drawer]. (adverb in verb phrase)
She set it down [very gently]. (adverb in adverb phrase)
He was [very gentle]. (adverb in adjective phrase)
[Even more] people were there. (adverb in determiner phrase)
It ran [right up the tree]. (adverb in prepositional phrase)
It was [a nice house]. (adjective in noun phrase)
His desk was in [the faculty office]. (noun in noun phrase)
[The swiftly flowing waters] carried it away. (verb phrase in noun phrase)
I saw [the man whom we met yesterday]. (clause in noun phrase)
She's [the woman with the hat]. (preposition phrase in noun phrase)
It's not [that important]. (determiner in adjective phrase)
[A few more] workers are needed. (determiner in determiner phrase)
We've already [gone twelve miles]. (noun phase in verb phrase)
She's [two inches taller than me]. (noun phrase in verb adjective phrase)