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| Macario Sakay | |
|---|---|
 Macario Sakay, seated third from left, and his officials. |
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| Alternate name(s): | Macario Sakay |
| Place of birth: | Tondo, Manila, Philippines |
| Place of death: | Manila, Philippines |
| Major organizations: | Katipunan Republika ng Katagalugan |
Macario Sakay y de León was a Filipino Tagalog general in the Philippine Revolution against Spain and in the Philippine-American War. He continued resistance against the United States following the official American declaration of the war's end in 1902.
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Early life
Sakay was a native of Tondo, Manila where he worked as a barber. An original member of the Katipunan movement, he fought alongside Andrés Bonifacio throughout the Philippine Revolution of 1896. In 1899 he continued the struggle for Philippine independence against the United States. Near the end of the Philippine-American War Sakay was captured and jailed by the Philippine Constabulary.
After the surrender of the last Filipino commanding general Miguel Malvar in April 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt officially ended the Philippine-American War on July 4, 1902. At the end of the war, Sakay was granted amnesty and released from prison.
After the war
Sakay was one of the founders of the Nacionalista Party, which strove for Philippine independence though legal means. The party appealed to the Philippine Commission. However, the Commission passed the Sedition Law, which banned the party. (An unrelated Nacionalista Party which survives to the present day was founded in 1907.) Sakay thus took up arms again.
On November 12, 1902, the Philippine Commission passed the Bandolerism Act which proclaimed all captured resistance fighters or insurgents to be tried in court as bandits, ladrones, and robbers. In April 1904, Sakay issued his own manifesto proclaiming himself President and established his own government called the Repúblika ng Katagalugan (Tagalog Republic) in opposition to U.S. colonial rule. The U.S. Government did not recognize Sakay's government and through the Bandolerism Act labeled him an outlaw.
The Governor General, the U.S. Government, and the U.S. military left the pursuit of Sakay in the hands of the Philippine Constabulary and Philippine Scouts. In 1905 concentration camps, often referred to as Zonas, were re-established in parts of Cavite, Batangas, and Laguna. This had little effect on Sakay and his fighters. Extensive fighting continued in Southern-Luzon for months.
On July 14, 1906, after receiving a letter from the American governor-general promising amnesty for himself and his men in exchange for surrender, Sakay, one of the last remaining Filipino generals, finally surrendered.
Three days later, he was arrested nevertheless and imprisoned. Convicted as a tulisan or bandit, Sakay was executed on September 13, 1907 by hanging.
In popular culture
- Sakay is the subject of the biographical film Sakay directed by Raymond Red, in which he is portrayed by actor Julio Diaz.[1]
- A life-size statue of Sakay was unveiled at Plaza Morga in Tondo, Manila, by the Manila Historical Heritage Commission, on September 13th, 2008.[2] Also in September of 2008, the Philippine Senate adopted two separate resolutions expressing the sense of the Senate to honor the life of Macario Sakay and his fellow freedom fighters for their contribution to fight for Philippine Independence.[3][4]
References
- ^ "Sakay (1993)". http://imdb.com/title/tt0108028/. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
- ^ Carmen Guerrero Nakpil, he mark of Sakay: The vilified hero of our war with America, The Philippine Star, September 8, 2008
- ^ Resolution No. 121, Philippine Senate
- ^ Resolution No. 623, Philippine Senate
- Flores, Paul (August 12, 1995). "Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot?". Philippine History Group of Los Angeles. http://www.bibingka.com/phg/sakay/default.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
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