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- 半開後不圓唇元音
| Front | Near- front | Central | Near- back | Back | |
| Close | |||||
| Near-close | |||||
| Close-mid | |||||
| Mid | |||||
| Open-mid | |||||
| Near-open | |||||
| Open | |||||
a rounded vowel. Vowel length is indicated by appending ː
| IPA – number | 314 |
| IPA – text | ʌ |
| IPA – image |  |
| Entity | ʌ |
| X-SAMPA | V |
| Kirshenbaum | V |
 Sound sample (help·info) |
|
The open-mid back unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ʌ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is V. The IPA symbol is an inverted letter v and both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as either a wedge, a caret, or a hat. In transcriptions for some languages (including several dialects of English), this symbol is also used for the near-open central vowel.
Contents |
Features
- Its vowel height is open-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between an open vowel and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel roundedness is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Newfoundland[1] | plus | [plʌs] | 'plus' | Less fronted than other dialects. See English phonology |
| Philadelphia[2] | |||||
| Irish | Ulster dialect | ola | [ʌlˠə] | 'oil' | See Irish phonology |
| Korean | 벌 | [pʌl] | 'punishment' | See Korean phonology | |
| Vietnamese | ân | [ʌn] | 'favour; grace' | Also analyzed as central [ɜ]. See Vietnamese phonology | |
Before World War II, the /ʌ/ of Received Pronunciation was phonetically close to a back vowel [ʌ]; this sound has since shifted forward towards [ɐ] (a Near-open central vowel). Daniel Jones reports his speech (southern British), as having an advanced back vowel [ʌ̘] between his central /ə/ and back /ɔ/; however, he also reports that other southern speakers had a lower and even more advanced vowel approaching cardinal [a].[3] In American English varieties, e.g., the West and Midwest, and the urban South, the typical phonetic realization of the phoneme /ʌ/ is a central vowel that can be transcribed as [ɜ] (open-mid central).[4][5] Truly backed variants of /ʌ/ that are phonetically [ʌ] can occur in Inland Northern American English, Newfoundland English, Philadelphia English, some African-American Englishes, and (old-fashioned) white Southern English in coastal plain and Piedmont areas.[6][7] Despite this, the symbol < ʌ > is still commonly used to indicate this phoneme, even in the more common varieties with central variants [ɐ] or [ɜ]. This may be due to both tradition as well as the fact that some other dialects retain the older pronunciation.[8].
References
- ^ Thomas (2001:27-28, 61-63)
- ^ Thomas (2001:27-28, 73-74)
- ^ Jones (1972:86-88)
- ^ Gordon (2004:340)
- ^ Tillery & Bailey (2004:333)
- ^ Thomas (2001:27-28, 112-115, 121, 134, 174)
- ^ Gordon (2004:294-296)
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999:135)
Bibliography
- Gordon, Matthew (2004a), "New York, Philadelphia and other Northern Cities", in Kortmann, Bernd, A Handbook of Varieties of English: Volume 1: Phonology, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 294–296, ISBN 3110175320
- Gordon, Matthew (2004b), "The West and Midwest: phonology", in Kortmann, Bernd, A Handbook of Varieties of English: Volume 1: Phonology, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 340, ISBN 3110175320
- Jones, Daniel (1972). An outline of English phonetics (9th ed.). Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd..
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999). Course in Phonology. Blackwell Publishing.
- Thomas, Erik R. (2001), "An acoustic analysis of vowel variation in New World English", Publication of the American Dialect Society (Duke University Press for the American Dialect Society) 85, ISSN 0002-8207
- Tillery, Jan and Guy Bailey, "The urban South: phonology", in Kortmann, Bernd, A Handbook of Varieties of English: Volume 1: Phonology, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 333, ISBN 3110175320
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