| Consonants |
| IPA |
Hindi |
Urdu |
English equivalent |
| b |
ब |
ب |
abash |
| bʱ |
भ |
ڀ |
abhor |
| c, cʰ |
(sometimes seen for [tʃ, tʃʰ]) |
| d |
द |
د |
ado (closer to French d) |
| dʱ |
ध |
ڌ |
adhere |
| ɖ |
ड |
ڊ |
guard |
| ɖʱ |
ढ |
ڍ |
guardhouse |
| dʒ |
ज |
ج |
hedge |
| dʒʱ |
झ |
جھ |
hedgehog |
| f |
फ़ |
ف |
food |
| ɡ |
ग |
گ |
agate |
| ɡʱ |
घ |
گھ |
pigheaded |
| h |
ः |
ح |
head (final only) |
| ɦ |
ह |
ahead |
| j |
य |
ي |
yak |
| ɟ, ɟʱ |
(sometimes seen for [dʒ, dʒʱ]) |
| k |
क |
ڪ |
scan |
| kʰ |
ख |
ک |
can |
| l |
ल |
ل |
leaf |
| m |
म |
م |
much |
| n |
न |
ن |
not |
| ɳ |
ण |
ڻ |
burner
(Sanskrit; often [n]) |
| ŋ |
ं |
ڱ |
bank |
| p |
प |
پ |
span |
| pʰ |
फ |
ڦ |
pan |
| q |
क़ |
ق |
a k in the throat
(Urdu; often [k] in Hindi) |
| r |
र |
ر |
trilled r |
| ɽ |
ड, ड़ |
ڙ |
US: larder |
| ɽʱ |
ढ, ढ़ |
ڙھ |
as [ɽ] plus h |
| s |
स |
س |
sue |
| ʂ |
ष |
– |
worship
(Sanskrit; often [s]) |
| ʃ |
श |
ش |
shoe |
| t |
त |
ت |
stable (closer to French t) |
| tʰ |
थ |
ٿ |
table |
| ʈ |
ट |
ٽ |
art |
| ʈʰ |
ठ |
ٺ |
art-historian |
| tʃ |
च |
چ |
catch |
| tʃʰ |
छ |
ڇ |
choose |
| ʋ |
व |
و |
between w and v |
| x |
ख़ |
خ |
Bach
(Urdu; often [kʰ] in Hindi) |
| ɣ |
ग़ |
غ |
like a French r
(Urdu; often [ɡ] in Hindi) |
| z |
ज़ |
ز |
zen |
|
| Vowels |
| IPA |
Hindi |
Urdu |
English equivalent |
| aː |
आ, पा |
آ, با |
Spanish or French a to English bra |
| eː |
ए, पे |
ے |
between yell and Yale |
| ɛː |
ऐ, पै |
yell |
| ə |
अ, प |
بَ |
nut |
| iː |
ई, पी |
ی |
deal |
| ɪ |
इ, पि |
بِ |
dill |
| oː |
ओ, पो |
و |
old |
| ɔː |
औ, पौ |
law |
| uː |
ऊ, पू |
loot |
| ʊ |
उ, पु |
بُ |
look |
| ̃ |
ँ |
|
nasal vowel
([ãː], [õː], etc.) |
| Suprasegmentals |
| IPA |
|
| ˈ |
stress
(placed before stressed syllable) |
| ː |
doubled consonant |
|